![]() History and DevelopmentĪs a cross-linked natural polymer containing phenolic content and low-cost availability, Lignin has been studied for a broad range of applications. Thermoset resins have a wide range of properties that depend on the curing cycle, hardener, and the proportions of hardener used during the preparation of thermoset resins. In engineering fields, thermoset resins are generally used in electronic components, adhesive, aircraft industry, and automotive because of their high strength, high modulus, good durability, good thermal stability, and chemical resistance. On the other hand, average research progress has been published on preparing thermoplastic and thermosets resins with lignin. Up to now, a large amount of research has been performed on bio-based thermoplastics such as bismaleimide/eugenol, poly(lactic acid), bio-poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene succinate), polyhydroxyalkanoates, poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate), and also on thermosets such as itaconic acid, isosorbide, composite of cardanol novolac/bismaleimide, plant oil, eugenol, and polyesters. Several studies have been reported to modify the lignin and enhance compatibility with polymers and mechanical properties for high-performance applications to overcome these drawbacks. However, despite the broad use of lignin as a bio-based feedstock for materials, it shows incompatibility with other polymers and heterogeneity, leading to the deterioration of materials’ properties. Despite the complex structure, lignin has recently attracted interest in many applications due to its inherent potential from its unique behaviors, such as antioxidants in plastics, scavengers, surfactants, and dispersants antibacterial, antitumoral, and adhesives. Lignin is commonly soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide, but it also soluble in some organic solvents and aqueous organic solvent solution. Lignin has been used in limited industrial applications due to the complex structure with amphiphilic nature. Although the industrial sector produces a large amount of lignin, around 95% every year, it is burned, resulting in severe resource waste. It contains a three-dimensional phenolic structure built up by p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol, as shown in Figure 1. ![]() Lignin is the second most abundant and high molecular weight natural phenolic polymer, which occurs from plant tissues. ![]()
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